Shop signs and street lamps lighting Shavteli Street in the old town of Tbilisi at night
Living-abroad tool

Find services in a language you speak

Finding a dentist is easy. Finding one who understands what hurts is not. This is a directory of local providers indexed by the language they work in, and every language claim links to the source we read it on.

Photo: Shalika Malintha / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0), cropped
Type to narrow the list below, or complete a city name to open its page

Showing all 329 cities, 7003 providers in total.

View from Aarhus Cathedral bell tower over the city rooftops, green copper spires, and harbor beyond AarhusDenmark1provider Works inDanishEnglishGerman Abu Dhabi skyline viewed from the water, with the curved ADIA tower and Corniche skyscrapers Abu DhabiUAE10providers Works inArabicEnglishFinnishFrenchGerman+3 Aerial dusk view of Addis Ababa showing the city's roundabout, residential districts, and mountains in the distance Addis AbabaEthiopia8providers Works inEnglish Adelaide Convention Centre and River Torrens under a bright blue sky AdelaideAustralia1provider Works inEnglishGerman The sweeping crescent beach, marina and white low rise city of Agadir seen from the hilltop kasbah on a bright day AgadirMorocco5providers Works inArabicEnglish The colourfully lit Atal Pedestrian Bridge over the Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad at night AhmedabadIndia8providers Works inEnglish Aerial view of Aix-en-Provence with the Fontaine de la Rotonde and the tree-lined Cours Mirabeau leading into the terracotta-roofed old town Aix-en-ProvenceFrance2providers Works inPolish A houseboat on the Kerala backwaters at Alappuzha, India AlappuzhaIndia1provider Works inEnglish Aerial view of Alicante from Santa Barbara Castle showing the city, marina, and Mediterranean Sea AlicanteSpain153providers Works inDanishDutchEnglishFrenchGerman+5 The modern Almaty skyline of mid-rise apartment blocks and glass towers seen from the Kok-Tobe hill, with the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains fading into the haze behind AlmatyKazakhstan3providers Works inGermanRussian Aerial view of the Roman Theatre of Amman with the city hillside behind AmmanJordan19providers Works inArabicEnglish The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar glowing gold and lit with strings of lights at night, mirrored in the still water of the sacred pool around it AmritsarIndia2providers Works inEnglish Amsterdam canal lined with gabled Dutch canal houses and moored boats under a clear blue sky AmsterdamNetherlands23providers Works inChineseDutchEnglishFrenchGerman+3 Antalya old harbour with limestone cliffs, turquoise Mediterranean water, and Taurus Mountains AntalyaTurkey18providers Works inArabicBulgarianChineseCzechDutch+14 Santa Catalina Arch on 5th Avenue in Antigua Guatemala with Volcan de Agua in the background AntiguaGuatemala1provider Works inEnglishSpanish Cathedral of Our Lady and Rubens statue on Groenplaats square, Antwerp AntwerpBelgium2providers Works inDutchEnglish Asunción skyline across the Paraguay River as seen from Chaco'i AsunciónParaguay1provider Works inEnglishGermanPortugueseSpanish Acropolis of Athens with the Parthenon and Odeon of Herodes Atticus viewed from Philopappos Hill AthensGreece192providers Works inChineseCzechDutchEnglishFrench+8 A brightly painted yellow-and-red moliceiro boat carrying visitors along a canal in Aveiro, Portugal, with a ribbon-covered footbridge and Art Nouveau buildings behind AveiroPortugal2providers Works inAlbanianArabicCroatianCzechDanish+19 Balinese shrine on volcanic rocks at Canggu beach with surfers and black sand Bali (Canggu)Indonesia25providers Works inEnglishFrenchIndonesianRussian Gedung Sate colonial building with fountain and palm trees, Bandung, Indonesia BandungIndonesia1provider Works inEnglishIndonesian Vidhana Soudha, the Karnataka state legislature building in Bangalore, under a dramatic cloudy sky BangaloreIndia5providers Works inEnglishHindiKannadaMalayalamTamil+1 Bangkok skyline at twilight featuring the MahaNakhon tower and Ratchadamri district BangkokThailand91providers Works inArabicBurmeseChineseDanishEnglish+10 Aerial view of Barcelona showing the Eixample grid, Sagrada Familia, and Torre Agbar BarcelonaSpain415providers Works inArabicCatalanChineseDanishDutch+9 BariItaly4providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish BarilocheArgentina3providers Works inEnglishFrenchItalianPortugueseSpanish BarranquillaColombia1provider Works inEnglishSpanish BaselSwitzerland1provider Works inEnglishGerman BattambangCambodia1provider Works inEnglishKhmer BatumiGeorgia1provider Works inEnglishGeorgian BeijingChina7providers Works inChineseEnglish BelgradeSerbia34providers Works inEnglishSerbian Belo HorizonteBrazil8providers Works inEnglishPortuguese BergamoItaly3providers Works inEnglishFrenchGerman BergenNorway5providers Works inEnglish BerlinGermany76providers Works inDanishDutchEnglishFinnishFrench+6 BilbaoSpain33providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianPortuguese+1 BitolaNorth Macedonia1provider Works inEnglish BodrumTurkey7providers Works inEnglishTurkish BogotáColombia17providers Works inEnglishGermanSpanish BolognaItaly16providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish BordeauxFrance3providers Works inEnglishFrenchGerman BragaPortugal3providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPortuguese BrasíliaBrazil4providers Works inEnglishPortuguese BrisbaneAustralia1provider Works inEnglishGerman BrnoCzech Republic4providers Works inCzechEnglishGerman BrugesBelgium1provider Works inDutchEnglish BrusselsBelgium9providers Works inArabicDutchEnglishFrenchGerman+2 BucharestRomania58providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanRomanian BudapestHungary443providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanHungarianItalian+4 BudvaMontenegro1provider Works inEnglish Buenos AiresArgentina45providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanHebrew+5 BusanSouth Korea2providers Works inEnglishKorean CáceresSpain11providers Works inEnglishFrenchPortugueseSpanish CádizSpain18providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanSpanish CairoEgypt26providers Works inArabicEnglish CaliColombia1provider Works inEnglishSpanish CampecheMexico1provider Works inEnglishSpanish Can ThoVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese CanberraAustralia1provider Works inEnglishGerman CancúnMexico2providers Works inEnglishSpanish Cape TownSouth Africa29providers Works inAfrikaansEnglishGerman CartagenaColombia2providers Works inEnglishSpanish CasablancaMorocco14providers Works inArabicEnglish CascaisPortugal13providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPortugueseSpanish CataniaItaly2providers Works inEnglishGermanItalian ChaniaGreece1provider Works inEnglishGreek ChennaiIndia8providers Works inEnglishHindiTamil Chiang MaiThailand39providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanJapanese+2 ChicagoUnited States1provider Works inSwedish Cluj-NapocaRomania1provider Works inFrench CoimbraPortugal3providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPortuguese CologneGermany9providers Works inEnglishGerman ColomboSri Lanka14providers Works inEnglishSinhala CopenhagenDenmark6providers Works inDanishEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+3 CórdobaArgentina6providers Works inEnglishFrenchItalianSpanish CorfuGreece7providers Works inEnglishGreek CreteGreece6providers Works inAlbanianEnglishFrenchGermanGreek+1 CuencaEcuador1provider Works inEnglishSpanish Da NangVietnam19providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchJapaneseKorean+2 DallasUnited States1provider Works inSwedish Dar es SalaamTanzania7providers Works inEnglishSwahili DarwinAustralia1provider Works inEnglishGerman DresdenGermany1provider Works inEnglishGermanSpanish DubaiUAE33providers Works inArabicDanishDutchEnglishFrench+8 DublinIreland13providers Works inGerman DubrovnikCroatia4providers Works inCroatianEnglishGermanItalian DumaguetePhilippines1provider Works inEnglishTagalog DüsseldorfGermany5providers Works inEnglishGermanSwedish EdinburghUK3providers Works inEnglishGerman El CalafateArgentina1provider Works inEnglishSpanish FaroPortugal6providers Works inEnglishFrenchPortuguese FesMorocco2providers Works inArabicEnglish FethiyeTurkey7providers Works inEnglishTurkish FlorenceItaly66providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+3 FlorianópolisBrazil1provider Works inEnglishPortuguese FortalezaBrazil7providers Works inEnglishPortuguese FrankfurtGermany30providers Works inEnglishGermanPolishSwedish FuerteventuraSpain20providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanSpanish FukuokaJapan6providers Works inEnglishGermanJapanese FunchalPortugal7providers Works inEnglishPortuguese GalwayIreland1provider Works inGerman GdańskPoland5providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPolishPortuguese+1 GenevaSwitzerland8providers Works inEnglishGerman GenoaItaly6providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalian GhentBelgium2providers Works inDutchEnglish GijónSpain27providers Works inEnglishFrenchSpanish GironaSpain8providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanSpanish GoaIndia7providers Works inEnglish GothenburgSweden1provider Works inEnglishSwedish GranadaSpain154providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+1 GrazAustria10providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish GrenobleFrance2providers Works inFrenchItalian GroningenNetherlands3providers Works inDutchEnglishGerman GuadalajaraMexico5providers Works inEnglishSpanish GuanajuatoMexico1provider Works inEnglishFrenchPortugueseSpanish GuangzhouChina4providers Works inChineseEnglish GwangjuSouth Korea1provider Works inEnglishKorean Ha GiangVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese Ha LongVietnam2providers Works inEnglishVietnamese Hai PhongVietnam3providers Works inEnglishVietnamese HaifaIsrael6providers Works inGerman HalifaxCanada1provider Works inEnglishGerman HamburgGermany14providers Works inDanishEnglishGermanSwedish HanoiVietnam25providers Works inEnglishFrenchVietnamese HeidelbergGermany1provider Works inEnglishGermanSpanish HiroshimaJapan4providers Works inEnglishJapanese Ho Chi Minh CityVietnam25providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchJapaneseKhmer+3 Hoi AnVietnam2providers Works inChineseEnglishKoreanVietnamese Hong KongChina16providers Works inChineseEnglish Hua HinThailand1provider Works inEnglishThai HueVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese HyderabadIndia4providers Works inEnglish IbizaSpain17providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish InnsbruckAustria18providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalian IpohMalaysia3providers Works inEnglishMalay IstanbulTurkey74providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+5 IzmirTurkey12providers Works inArabicBulgarianChineseCzechDutch+14 JaipurIndia2providers Works inEnglish JakartaIndonesia18providers Works inEnglishIndonesian JodhpurIndia1provider Works inEnglish JohannesburgSouth Africa2providers Works inAfrikaansEnglish Johor BahruMalaysia2providers Works inEnglishMalay KampotCambodia1provider Works inEnglishKhmer KathmanduNepal2providers Works inEnglishNepali KaunasLithuania3providers Works inEnglishLithuanian KlaipėdaLithuania2providers Works inEnglishGermanLithuanian KobeJapan2providers Works inEnglishJapanese KochiIndia4providers Works inEnglish Koh SamuiThailand4providers Works inEnglishThai KolkataIndia18providers Works inBengaliEnglishFrenchGermanHindi Kota KinabaluMalaysia2providers Works inEnglishMalay KotorMontenegro6providers Works inEnglish KrakowPoland19providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianPolish Kuala LumpurMalaysia21providers Works inChineseEnglishGermanIndonesianJapanese+3 KuchingMalaysia2providers Works inEnglishMalay KutaisiGeorgia1provider Works inGerman KyotoJapan2providers Works inChineseEnglishJapaneseKorean La PazBolivia5providers Works inEnglishSpanish LangkawiMalaysia1provider Works inEnglishMalay Las PalmasSpain161providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish LausanneSwitzerland3providers Works inEnglishGerman LecceItaly1provider Works inEnglishGermanItalian LeipzigGermany1provider Works inEnglishGermanSpanish LimaPeru13providers Works inEnglishGermanSpanish LisbonPortugal103providers Works inAlbanianArabicChineseCroatianCzech+21 LjubljanaSlovenia35providers Works inCroatianEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+4 LombokIndonesia3providers Works inEnglishIndonesian LondonUK24providers Works inArabicBulgarianEnglishFrenchGerman+3 LuccaItaly3providers Works inEnglishFrenchItalianSpanish LyonFrance18providers Works inAlbanianArabicChineseDanishDutch+21 MaastrichtNetherlands1provider Works inDutchEnglish MadridSpain952providers Works inArabicChineseDutchEnglishFrench+10 MakassarIndonesia1provider Works inEnglish MálagaSpain76providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+1 MalmöSweden2providers Works inEnglishGermanSwedish ManausBrazil4providers Works inEnglishPortuguese ManilaPhilippines24providers Works inEnglishTagalog ManizalesColombia1provider Works inEnglishSpanish MarbellaSpain47providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianRussian+1 MarrakechMorocco12providers Works inArabicEnglish MarseilleFrance4providers Works inEnglishFrench MedellínColombia23providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanSpanish MeknèsMorocco1provider Works inArabicEnglish MelbourneAustralia2providers Works inEnglishGerman MendozaArgentina4providers Works inEnglishGermanItalianSpanish MéridaMexico5providers Works inEnglishSpanish Mexico CityMexico22providers Works inEnglishFrenchPortugueseSpanish MiamiUnited States1provider Works inSwedish MilanItaly82providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+2 MombasaKenya4providers Works inEnglishSwahili MonterreyMexico1provider Works inEnglishSpanish MontevideoUruguay9providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPortugueseSpanish MontpellierFrance4providers Works inEnglishFrenchPolish MontrealCanada3providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPortuguese MumbaiIndia27providers Works inEnglish MunichGermany45providers Works inEnglishGermanItalianPolish MuscatOman11providers Works inArabicEnglish MysoreIndia2providers Works inEnglish NagoyaJapan4providers Works inChineseEnglishIndonesianJapanese NahaJapan1provider Works inEnglishJapanese NairobiKenya59providers Works inEnglishSwahili NantesFrance2providers Works inEnglishFrench NaplesItaly16providers Works inDutchEnglishFrenchGermanGreek+2 New DelhiIndia20providers Works inAfrikaansBengaliBulgarianBurmeseChinese+30 New YorkUnited States7providers Works inEnglishGermanSwedish Nha TrangVietnam3providers Works inEnglishVietnamese NiceFrance4providers Works inEnglishFrenchPolish Ninh BinhVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese Novi SadSerbia3providers Works inEnglishSerbian Nusa PenidaIndonesia1provider Works inEnglishIndonesian OaxacaMexico4providers Works inEnglishSpanish OhridNorth Macedonia1provider Works inEnglish OsakaJapan8providers Works inEnglishJapanese OsloNorway33providers Works inEnglish OttawaCanada1provider Works inEnglishGerman PalermoItaly8providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalian Palma de MallorcaSpain67providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish ParisFrance312providers Works inAlbanianArabicChineseDanishDutch+21 PattayaThailand2providers Works inEnglishThai PenangMalaysia4providers Works inEnglishMalay PereiraColombia1provider Works inEnglishSpanish PerthAustralia2providers Works inEnglishGerman PerugiaItaly5providers Works inEnglishItalian Phnom PenhCambodia31providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchJapaneseKhmer+1 Phu QuocVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese PhuketThailand10providers Works inEnglishGermanThai PlovdivBulgaria4providers Works inBulgarianEnglish PodgoricaMontenegro19providers Works inEnglish PondicherryIndia2providers Works inEnglish Ponta DelgadaPortugal4providers Works inEnglishPortuguese PortoPortugal46providers Works inAlbanianArabicCroatianCzechDanish+19 Porto AlegreBrazil8providers Works inEnglishPortuguese PoznańPoland2providers Works inEnglishPolish PragueCzech Republic47providers Works inCzechEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+5 PueblaMexico4providers Works inEnglishSpanish Puerto VallartaMexico4providers Works inEnglishSpanish PulaCroatia4providers Works inCroatianEnglishGermanItalian PuneIndia3providers Works inEnglish QuerétaroMexico2providers Works inEnglishFrenchPortugueseSpanish QuitoEcuador11providers Works inEnglishSpanish RabatMorocco7providers Works inArabicEnglish RecifeBrazil14providers Works inEnglishPortuguese RhodesGreece12providers Works inEnglishGreek RigaLatvia21providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanLatvianRussian Rio de JaneiroBrazil19providers Works inEnglishPortuguese RomeItaly189providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanGreekItalian+2 RondaSpain10providers Works inEnglishSpanish RosarioArgentina1provider Works inEnglishItalianSpanish RotterdamNetherlands5providers Works inDutchEnglishFrenchGermanPolish RovinjCroatia3providers Works inCroatianEnglishItalian SalamancaSpain22providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish SaltaArgentina4providers Works inEnglishPortugueseSpanish SalvadorBrazil7providers Works inEnglishPortuguese SalzburgAustria22providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanHungarianItalian San FranciscoUnited States3providers Works inEnglishGerman San JoséCosta Rica16providers Works inEnglishSpanish San SebastiánSpain20providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanSpanish Santa CruzBolivia2providers Works inEnglishSpanish Santa MartaColombia1provider Works inEnglishSpanish SantiagoChile33providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanPolishSpanish Santiago de CompostelaSpain30providers Works inEnglishFrenchPortugueseSpanish SantoriniGreece1provider Works inEnglishGreek São PauloBrazil31providers Works inEnglishGermanPortuguese SapaVietnam1provider Works inEnglishVietnamese SapporoJapan5providers Works inChineseEnglishJapaneseRussian SegoviaSpain8providers Works inEnglishSpanish SendaiJapan2providers Works inEnglishJapanese SeoulSouth Korea44providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanKorean SevilleSpain79providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+2 ShanghaiChina4providers Works inChineseEnglish ShenzhenChina3providers Works inChineseEnglish Siem ReapCambodia1provider Works inEnglishKhmer SienaItaly7providers Works inEnglishGermanItalian SingaporeSingapore27providers Works inChineseDutchEnglishFrenchGerman+5 SintraPortugal2providers Works inEnglishGermanPortuguese SkopjeNorth Macedonia9providers Works inEnglish SofiaBulgaria22providers Works inBulgarianEnglish SplitCroatia7providers Works inCroatianEnglish StavangerNorway1provider Works inEnglish StockholmSweden15providers Works inEnglishGermanSwedish StrasbourgFrance2providers Works inEnglishFrenchGerman StuttgartGermany12providers Works inEnglishGermanPolishSwedish SurabayaIndonesia5providers Works inEnglishIndonesian SydneyAustralia11providers Works inEnglishGermanItalian TaipeiTaiwan23providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanJapanese TallinnEstonia19providers Works inEnglishEstonianFinnishGermanRussian+2 TartuEstonia2providers Works inEnglishEstonian TashkentUzbekistan13providers Works inEnglish TbilisiGeorgia71providers Works inEnglishGeorgianGermanHebrewRussian+1 Tel AvivIsrael46providers Works inArabicCzechEnglishFrenchGerman+5 TenerifeSpain51providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish TétouanMorocco4providers Works inArabicEnglish The HagueNetherlands2providers Works inDutchEnglish ThessalonikiGreece6providers Works inEnglishGreek TimișoaraRomania3providers Works inEnglishFrenchRomanian TiranaAlbania8providers Works inEnglish TokyoJapan35providers Works inChineseEnglishFrenchGermanJapanese+10 ToledoSpain14providers Works inEnglishSpanish TorontoCanada17providers Works inCroatianEnglishFrenchGermanSerbian ToruńPoland1provider Works inEnglishPolish ToulouseFrance6providers Works inEnglishFrenchPolish TriesteItaly3providers Works inEnglishItalian TrondheimNorway3providers Works inEnglish TulumMexico1provider Works inEnglishSpanish TunisTunisia12providers Works inArabicEnglish TurinItaly9providers Works inDutchEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+1 UdaipurIndia2providers Works inEnglish UtrechtNetherlands1provider Works inDutchEnglish ValenciaSpain94providers Works inArabicCatalanEnglishFrenchGerman+6 VancouverCanada6providers Works inEnglishGerman VaranasiIndia1provider Works inEnglish VarnaBulgaria11providers Works inBulgarianEnglishGerman Veliko TarnovoBulgaria4providers Works inBulgarianEnglish VeronaItaly4providers Works inEnglishGermanItalian VictoriaCanada1provider Works inEnglishGerman ViennaAustria179providers Works inArabicCzechEnglishFrenchGerman+5 VientianeLaos9providers Works inEnglish VilniusLithuania36providers Works inEnglishGermanLithuanianPolishRussian Vung TauVietnam2providers Works inEnglishVietnamese WarsawPoland59providers Works inArabicEnglishFrenchGeorgianGerman+7 WrocławPoland3providers Works inEnglishPolish YangonMyanmar4providers Works inBurmeseEnglish YerevanArmenia5providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanRussian YogyakartaIndonesia3providers Works inEnglishIndonesian ZadarCroatia5providers Works inCroatianEnglishGerman ZagrebCroatia80providers Works inCroatianEnglishFrenchGermanItalian+6 ZaragozaSpain44providers Works inEnglishFrenchGermanItalianSpanish ZurichSwitzerland15providers Works inEnglishGermanItalian

City photographs come from Wikimedia Commons under CC BY or CC BY-SA. Each one names its photographer and licence on that city's own page.

How to read this

Currently 7003 providers across 329 cities, 13 service types and 56 languages. Nothing goes in without a source, and the source is named on every card.

Read the tier before you trust the row. Roughly half these listings now come from aggregator directories, and many of those make a claim about their whole roster ("our listed clinics speak English") rather than about the named business. We say so in the card's own words. A provider that states its languages on its own site is a stronger signal than one that appears on a list someone else curates, and a directory may sell placement.

Each card carries a tier saying how we know, because that matters more than the claim itself:

  • Official listA government body, embassy or consulate publishes this provider on a list defined by working language. Strongest tier available without visiting.
  • We confirmedSomeone from The Nomad HQ contacted or visited the provider and confirmed. Nothing carries this tier yet.
  • Says so itselfThe provider's own website states the language. Reliable about intent, unverified about fluency.
  • Directory onlyOnly a third-party directory or aggregator states it. Weakest tier; these have a commercial interest in the listing. Many make a roster-level claim ("the clinics we list speak English") rather than one about the named business, and the row's note says which.

We have not visited or called any of these providers. Nothing here carries the "we confirmed" tier yet, so treat every entry as a claim someone else made, not a recommendation from us. A hospital advertising interpretation services is not the same as a doctor who speaks your language, and a directory listing may be paid placement on the directory's side.

Where the German Embassy in Bangkok is the source, note their own wording: the list is published without guarantee of accuracy or service quality, and naming a doctor or hospital does not constitute an endorsement. The same caution applies to everything else on this page.

No provider has paid to appear here, and there are no affiliate links in these listings. If that ever changes, paid placement will be labelled as paid.